Issue Brief: Performance Pay for Teachers

Date: April 2012

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This PACER Issue Brief–the third in a series–examines alternative teacher compensation models, specifically pay for performance. It builds on the series’ first brief on teacher effectiveness to provide context, identify challenges, and answer questions about performance pay systems. We focus on what rigorous, objective research has found, and where gaps remain. As always, RFA’s goal is to provide stakeholders with trusted, non-partisan information that can support emerging state and local policy discussions. The works cited in this brief include peer-reviewed research from some of the nation’s most respected education scholars and institutes, including Mathematica Policy Research Center and the National Center on Performance Incentives at Vanderbilt University’s Peabody College-a primary source of scholarship in this field.

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State of Inequity: Disparities in Pennsylvania School Districts by Degree of Funding Adequacy

David Lapp

This study provides the first descriptive comparison of the characteristics of Pennsylvania school districts by degree of school funding adequacy gaps, as calculated by the Pennsylvania Department of Education in 2024 using the state’s legislatively…

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Patterns of Student Mobility Among English Learner Students in Public High Schools in Philadelphia

Lindsey Liu, Sean Vannata

This study examines the mobility rates of English Learner (EL) students in the School District of Philadelphia (SDP). Student mobility refers to the process of students changing schools, either during the school year or over…

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Interim Report 2 on the Implementation, Impact, and Cost Effectiveness of Developmental Education Reform in California’s Community Colleges

Kri Burkander, Dae Y. Kim, Mark Duffy, Lindsey Liu, Taylor Stenley, Keerthanya Rajesh, Sean Vannata

For years, developmental education (DE) courses in community colleges, intended to prepare students for college-level work, often became a barrier, disproportionately impacting Black, Latino, and Indigenous students. In 2017, California aimed to address this with…

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Students Experiencing Homelessness in Pennsylvania: A 2024 Update

David Lapp, Anna Shaw-Amoah

This PACER brief provides RFA’s updated analysis of data on students experiencing homelessness in Pennsylvania, highlighting prevalence, challenges with identification, disparities in educational opportunities, and impact on academic outcomes. Our main findings include that: Roughly…

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The When and How of Keystone Exams in the School District of Philadelphia

Molly Pileggi, Sean Vannata, Alyn Turner

To earn a diploma, Pennsylvania high school students must now demonstrate college or career readiness through one of several pathways. Two of these pathways require passing state exams in Algebra I, Biology, and Literature, known…

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Understanding Increases in Head Start Teacher Turnover During COVID-19

Kendall LaParo, Anna Shaw-Amoah

This report explores the dramatic increase in Head Start teacher turnover during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using data from the Head Start Program Information Report (PIR) from 2010 to 2022, the study investigates trends in teacher…

The report explores the impact of race-specific state higher education funding policies in Minnesota, New Jersey, and North Carolina. It examines how these policies aim to dismantle racial inequities by directing resources toward Black, Latinx, and Indigenous students and the institutions that serve them. The research highlights the challenges and successes of outcomes-based funding and tuition discount programs in addressing racial disparities in college access and success. It emphasizes the importance of prioritizing equity at both the student and institutional levels. Key findings include the positive impact of race-explicit metrics in funding formulas. These metrics have demonstrably steered resources toward under-resourced students and institutions serving diverse populations. However, the report also acknowledges the difficulties faced by Minority-Serving institutions and HBCUs when competing for funds under zero-sum models that limit overall resources. Additionally, the study explores the potential consequences of Promise programs on neighboring states, highlighting concerns about enrollment shifts and the need to consider the impact on community colleges. The recommendations emerging from the research urge policymakers to consider the full ecosystem of postsecondary institutions when designing funding initiatives, ensuring that funding programs are additive rather than overlapping to maximize outcomes. The report also emphasizes the importance of supporting additional costs of college in Promise programs to promote equity for students affected by systemic barriers. Furthermore, funding basic needs support and conducting needs assessments are recommended to ensure that initiatives effectively address pertinent needs and promote student success. More research is needed. The report suggests following the implementation of initiatives in North Carolina and Minnesota to assess their impact on racial disparities in completion. It also highlights the need to examine how institutions adjust their selection of optional metrics in outcomes-based funding formulas to better support marginalized student populations. Additionally, the study points toward the importance of exploring the intersection of outcomes-based funding and Promise programs to understand their implications on institutional funding and student success in higher education.

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Examining the Effectiveness of Race-Specific Funding Strategies in Higher Education

Kri Burkander, Shafiqua Little, Mycaeri Atkinson

As states reckon with racial enrollment and attainment gaps in higher education, some have made efforts to address them through their higher education funding. Two common approaches are outcomes-based funding (OBF) and Promise programs, as…

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“For the Good of the City” An Early Evaluation of the Catto Scholarship

Kri Burkander, Karin Gegenheimer, Alita Robinson

The Octavius V. Catto Scholarship launched in spring 2021 at Community College of Philadelphia (CCP) to help Philadelphians achieve college success. Inspired by 19th-century civil rights leader Octavius Catto’s belief in education for all, the…

revisiting-research-on-school-closings-cover-image

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Revisiting Research on School Closings: Key Learnings for District and Community Leaders

Mary Eddins, Maja Pehrson, Kevin Burgess

While school closures are often framed as necessary adjustments due to population shifts, building issues, or declining enrollment, the reality is these decisions spark fierce debate and can disproportionately impact students and communities of color.…

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Responding, Reimagining, Realizing: Out-of-School Coordination in a New Era

Tracey A. Hartmann, Wendy McClanahan, Mark Duffy, Leana Cabral, Carolyn Barnes, Ph.D, Brian Christens, Ph.D

The Wallace Foundation commissioned Research for Action and McClanahan Associates to study how out-of-school time intermediaries (OSTIs) responded to the COVID-19 pandemic and the role they could play in supporting communities moving forward. Citywide out-of-school…

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Personalized, Competency-Based Learning in Arizona: A Case Study of Implementation in Yuma Union High School District

Kevin Burgess, Julia Ransom, Mark Duffy

The case study explores the adoption and implementation of personalized, competency-based learning at Yuma Union High School District (YUHSD) within the broader context of the Arizona Personalized Learning Network (AZPLN). The study reveals that YUHSD…

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Personalized, Competency-Based Learning in Arizona: A Case Study of Implementation in an Elementary School in Santa Cruz Valley Unified School District 35

Julia Ransom, Kevin Burgess, Mark Duffy

This case study explores the implementation of personalized learning at an elementary school in Santa Cruz Valley Unified School District 35. The study, conducted by Research for Action and funded by KnowledgeWorks, sheds light on…

Issue Brief: Performance Pay for Teachers

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